The game of tag is typically carried out according to rules that encourage players to escape from “it” by avoiding being tagged for as long as possible. Some studies have already been carried out, with a focus on a game of tag, as child’s play, to promote children’s helping behavior through participation in the game (Ueno, 2014, 2015). Empathy towards situations faced by others and behavior for helping others are important in modern society which sees individualism advancement and must be encouraged in schools. For instance, based on many years of primatology research, Yamagiwa (2012) noted that against the backdrop of change in the role of the family and community, one’s efforts to work together with his/her peers to complement one another towards a single goal and improve one’s ability, would lead to maintenance of society and happiness. Recently, the importance of helping behavior has been noted in research fields other than psychology. Although the definition of helping behavior varies slightly among researchers, it is commonly characterized by spontaneous activities as well as by the provision of benefits to others (Nagai, 2011). ![]() Helping behavior is one of the prosocial behaviors expected to be developed by school physical education. However, with the breakdown in classroom discipline, bullying and social withdrawal have become social problems in recent years there is an ever-increasing expectation toward physical education to play the role of developing proper social attitudes as well cultivating morality (Hellison, 2003 Otsu et al., 2010 Umegaki & Tomozoe, 2010 Tomozoe, 2009). For example, behaviors exhibited in “following rules”, “being prepared to do one’s best” as well as attitudes toward playing fairly or to care for opponents are expected to be reflected in daily life. Generalization of the fair play spirit attained through physical activities in daily living is one of the desiderata that modern society expects of physical education. In conclusion, results suggest that incorporating Nakama-oni that promotes helping behavior in physical education enhances children’s helping behavior-related self-efficacy. The results suggested that: 1) children experienced helping behavior more often in Nakama-oni, compared to normal tag and 2) participation in Nakama-oni enhanced children’s helping behavior-related self-efficacy. Sixty elementary school children in the fifth grade played both Nakama-oni and normal tag. ![]() ![]() Thereafter, the frequency of helping behavior in Nakama-oni was checked, and the effect of participation in physical education through Nakama-oni on children’s helping behavior-related self-efficacy was discussed. In this study, children were instructed to play “Nakama-oni (helping tag)”, a tag game variant promoting helping behavior through physical education. With a breakdown in classroom discipline, bullying and social withdrawal have become social problems in recent years there is a heightened expectation toward physical education for developing proper social attitudes and cultivating morality.
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